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Customer sues Grocery after slipping near a freezer case. Customer offers three cell-phone photographs taken by her spouse ten minutes after the fall. Spouse testifies that the photographs fairly show the puddle and floor mats as they appeared when he arrived, although employees had already placed a warning cone nearby.
Grocery offers a 90-second surveillance clip from a ceiling camera. Store Manager testifies that the camera records continuously, stamps time automatically, stores footage on a secure server, and exported the clip himself using the normal software. He admits that the clip begins two minutes before the fall and ends one minute after it, and that he did not personally install or maintain the camera. Customer argues that the video is unauthenticated because no technician testified and because a longer export would show employees mopping after the fall.
How should the court analyze authentication of the photographs and video? Discuss the role of a witness with knowledge, process or system evidence, chain-of-custody concerns, and whether the cropped clip raises separate issues.